![]() ![]() If you want to refer to a source that you have found in another source, you should always try to access the original or primary source. Include as many names as needed to distinguish the citations. ![]() Multiple works with 3+ authors that shorten to the same form (i.e., same first author(s) and date). Multiple works by the same author in the same year.ĭifferent authors with the same last name. Ambiguity in APA in-text citations Situation When in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below. Avoiding ambiguity in APA in-text citations Several studies have replicated these results (Brown, 2009 Porter, 2004 Smith, 2015, 2017). When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon. If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Note that Bible citations always use chapter and verse numbers, even when page numbers are available: ( English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Josh. (Streefkerk, 2020, “No page number” section).If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos), you can use an alternative locator, such as: Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA. If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation. The first word of the title should always be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding reference entry. Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks.Īpply title case capitalization, and shorten long titles. Italicize the title if it’s italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases, which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). The costs of solar energy have decreased by 34% in the past three years (Tesla, 2020).Īlternatively, use the source title in place of the author. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry). If the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or government responsible for creating the content. No author, date or page number Missing information in APA in-text citations Unknown element (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020)Ĭenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020) Multiple authors in APA in-text citations Author type Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., CDC) are written in full the first time and are abbreviated in subsequent citations. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”, meaning “and others”. If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation. APA in-text citations with multiple authors Check out a full example paragraph with in-text citations. The parenthetical citation can be placed within or at the end of a sentence, just before the period. The publication year appears directly after the author’s name when using the narrative format. Narrative: Parker (2019) found a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers.Parenthetical: There is a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers (Parker, 2019).And if you need more information about your APA reference page, check out the APA reference page guide.The in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence. When it comes to citations, APA has every situation covered. You need to make sure you follow APA rules for citations and include the title first. When it comes to creating a website citation in your reference list or in-text without an author, it’s not as hard as you think. ![]() If you find a random article that seems “formula” created with no listed author or references, bypass that source and choose a better one for your APA format paper. Although you may find articles with no author listed on reputable sites, it is better to establish the authority of your article by using sources written by established authors.For example, if an article describes how to treat a medical condition, you would undoubtedly want to know the author’s credentials before following any advice. One way to establish authority is to inspect the author’s name and professional background. ![]() Therefore, your research should focus on finding authoritative sources. Just be sure to include reliable primary and secondary sources to back up your research. It doesn’t matter if you’re writing a short essay or a long research paper you can use online articles with no authors as sources. (Experis, n.d.) Tips for Evaluating Online Articles ![]()
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